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Substance use—including alcohol, tobacco, prescription drugs, and illicit drugs—poses significant and growing challenges for the Canadian workforce and economy. As the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA) reports, the total cost of substance use in Canada in 2020 was $49.1 billion, with lost productivity alone accounting for $22.4 billion of that amount. This underscores that substance use disorders (SUDs) are not merely health issues, but significant economic concerns with direct consequences for employment, public services, and social welfare.

Effects on the Workforce

The workforce is impacted in several ways:

• Absenteeism and reduced performance: Workers suffering from substance misuse are more prone to miss work, to be tardy, or to show up impaired. This degrades productivity and increases costs for employers in reduced output, rework, errors, or even accidents.
• Premature death and long-term disability: A substantial portion of productivity losses come from early deaths and long-term disability. For example, opioid use, which took $7.1 billion in costs in 2020, contributes heavily through loss of years of productive life.
• Healthcare burden: Substance use disorders strain healthcare systems via emergency visits, treatment programs, hospitalizations, mental health services, etc. In 2020, health care costs attributable to substance misuse stood at $13.4 billion.
• Criminal justice and social costs: Other sectors also see impacts—law enforcement, courts, corrections, social welfare systems incur costs associated with substance use—and these indirectly affect economic productivity too.

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Economic Effects

From an economic perspective, the scale and structure of these costs are telling:

• Over 60 % of the costs in 2020 were due to alcohol and tobacco alone—legal substances which are often less regulated than illicit drugs.
• The per-capita cost rose by about 12 % from 2007 to 2020, reflecting increasing harms (especially from opioids and stimulants) and changing patterns of substance use.
• When productivity is lost—through absenteeism, disability, or mortality—it not only reduces GDP directly, but also decreases tax revenue, increases welfare payments and public health spending, and diminishes human capital.

To begin with, distinguishing a substance use disorder or dependence from non-problematic use or someone who may be experimenting with a drug or certain behavior can be challenging at times. Substance use is a standard part of social life for many people, whether it is occasional drinking, recreational drug use, or even the use of prescription medication. Distinguishing between non-problematic use and substance use disorder (SUD) is critical to understanding the impact of substance consumption on an individual’s well-being and quality of life. This article will explore key factors that help differentiate these two scenarios, focusing on diagnostic criteria, behavioral patterns, and use’s physical and psychological consequences.  

Next, non-problematic use must be defined to understand the concept. There is a clear distinction between social use (such as drinking with friends) and using substances to cope with stress, emotional pain, or other issues. In contrast, substance use disorder involves a more complex set of behaviors and effects. With experimenting, in the beginning the individual is more in control of his or her feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, there’s little to no consequences, and the level of participation is low. Doweiko (2019) notes, “The individual’s relationship with alcohol during young adulthood does not remain static.” Thus experimenting with drugs may lead to dependence in some cases.  

In addition, behaviors such as inability to control use, withdrawal symptoms, continued use despite adverse consequences, and cravings and time spent on substance use bring about negative impacts on daily life. The behavioral differences between non-problematic use and substance use disorder are often marked by the shift from choice to compulsion. Non-problematic users typically engage in substance use in a controlled manner without it interfering with their mental or physical health.   

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In contrast, individuals with SUD often use substances as a means of coping with negative emotions, stress, or trauma rather than for enjoyment. Constant failures, guilt, shame, and a sense of denial all play an important role when it comes to dependence. This shift from social or recreational use to a psychological need is central to the development of addiction. Non-problematic users, however, typically do not experience these emotional consequences surrounding their use and can quickly discontinue or reduce use if necessary. By identifying the symptoms and behaviors that distinguish non-problematic use from a substance use disorder, individuals and healthcare professionals can work together to address potential issues and promote healthier patterns of behavior.  

In comparison, non-problematic use remains controlled, infrequent, and does not interfere with one’s life responsibilities. In contrast, loss of control, increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and significant consequences in daily life mark substance use disorders. “Usually, addicts do not become dependent on a substance or activity immediately, but only after progressing through a number of distinct stages” (Clinton & Scalise, 2013, p. 11).  

In conclusion, the fact that an individual can start experimenting with a chemical substance or a behavioral can lead to occasional use, regular use, and then dependence or disorder if not carefully checked. It is a true saying that no one wakes up and say, “I want to be an addict.” In the end, the addiction will rule, have control, and make decisions that the individual will regret for the rest of his life. Only through the power of God, prayer, and accountability can a person be truly free and have the hope needed to maintain their sobriety.  

For more information for yourself, a friend or a family member please visit https://www.na.org  

For more information for yourself, a friend or a family member please visit https://smartrecovery.org  

References: 

Clinton, T., & Scalise, E. (2013). The quick- reference guide to addictions and recovery counseling: 40 topics, spiritual  insights, and easy-to-use action steps. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.  

Doweiko, H. E. (2019). Concepts of chemical dependency – with MindTap (Custom) (10th ed.). Stamford, CT:   

We’ve all heard the phrase, “It’s a choice,” when discussing specific issues. Addiction and mental illness —society often labels these struggles as personal failures, as though those affected could “snap out of it” if they tried hard enough. But what if we’ve been getting it wrong all along? What if these conditions are not moral failings but diseases that deserve empathy, treatment, and understanding? Let’s challenge these harmful misconceptions and open a more compassionate conversation.

We live in a world where moral judgment often overshadows medical understanding. People facing conditions like addiction or mental health disorders are usually blamed for their struggles, even though these conditions are scientifically recognized as diseases. It’s often seen as a personal weakness, but research shows that addiction alters brain chemistry. It’s not just about willpower—it’s about neurological changes that make it hard for the brain to function normally. The idea that addiction is a choice doesn’t hold up when we look at it from a medical standpoint.

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Depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders are frequently minimized by society. People are told to “just think positive” or “get over it,” disregarding the fact that these are real medical conditions with biological and environmental factors that affect brain function. A disease doesn’t reflect a person’s character or choices. It’s an illness, often beyond one’s control. Let’s explore why this distinction is so important.

Conditions like addiction and mental illness involve complex interactions between genetics, environment, and brain chemistry. Just as we wouldn’t blame someone for developing cancer or diabetes, we shouldn’t point fingers at those affected by these conditions. By treating these issues as diseases, we shift from blame to empathy. We can support people on their journey toward recovery rather than shaming them into isolation or further struggles. Shame often leads to silence, perpetuating the problem. When we stop treating these issues as moral failings, people feel empowered to seek help without fear of judgment. This could mean life-saving treatment, therapy, or support groups.